IOS
Commands

Privileged Mode
enable - get to privileged mode
disable - get to user mode
enable password - sets privileged mode password
enable secret - sets encrypted privileged mode password

Setting Passwords

enable secret - set encrypted password for privileged
access
enable password - set password for privileged
access (used when there is no enable secret and when using older software)
Set password for console access:
(config)#line console 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for virtual terminal (telnet) access (password must be set to
access router through telnet):
(config)#line vty 0 4
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password

Set password for auxiliary (modem) access:
(config)#line
aux 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password

Configuring the Router

sh running-config -
details the running configuration file (RAM)
sh startup-config -
displays the configuration stored in NVRAM


setup - Will start the the automatic setup; the same as when you first boot the router
config t - use to execute configuration
commands from the terminal
config mem - executes configuration commands
stored in NVRAM; copies startup-config to running-config
config net - used to retrieve configuration
info from a TFTP server

copy running-config startup-config
- copies saved config in NVRAM to running config (RAM) or "write memory" for IOS under ver.11

copy startup-config running-config - copies current running config (RAM) to non-volatile (NVRAM)

boot system flash - tells router which IOS file in flash to boot from

boot system tftp - tells router which IOS file on the tftp server to boot from
boot system rom - tell router to boot from ROM at next boot

copy flash tftp - Copies flash to tftp server

copy tftp flash - Restores flash from tftp server

copy run tftp - Copies the current running-config to tftp server

copy tftp run - Restores the running-config from tftp server

General Commands
no shutdown
- (enables the interface)

reload - restarts the router
sh ver - Cisco IOS version, uptime of router, how the router started, where system was loaded from, the interfaces the POST found, and the configuration register
sh clock - shows date and time on router

sh history - shows the history of your commands
sh debug - shows all debugging that is currently enabled
no debug all - turns off all debugging

sh users - shows users connected to router

sh protocols - shows which protocols are configured

banner motd # Your_message # - Set/change banner
hostname - use to configure the hostname of the router
clear counters
- clear interface counters

Processes
& Statistics
sh processes - shows
active processes running on router

sh process cpu - shows cpu statistics

sh mem - shows memory statistics

sh flash - describes the flash memory and displays the size of files and the amount of free flash memory

sh buffers - displays statistics for router buffer pools; shows the size of the Small, Middle, Big,
Very Big, Large and Huge Buffers

sh stacks - shows reason for last reboot, monitors the stack use of processes and interrupts
routines

CDP Commands
(Cisco Discovery Protocol uses layer 2 multicast over a SNAP-capable link to send data):
sh cdp neighbor - shows directly connected neighbors
sh cdp int - shows which interfaces are running
CDP
sh cdp int eth 0/0 - show CDP info for specific interface
sh cdp entry - shows
CDP neighbor detail
cdp timer 120 - change how often CDP info is sent (default cdp timer is
60)
cp holdtime 240 - how long to wait before removing a CDP neighbor
(default CDP holdtime is 180)
sh cdp run - shows if CDP turned on
no cdp run - turns off CDP for entire router (global config)
no cdp enable - turns off CDP on specific interface


Miscellaneous
Commands
sh controller t1 - shows status of T1 lines
sh controller serial 1 - use to determine if DCE or DTE device
(config-if)#clock rate 6400
- set clock on DCE (bits per second)
(config-if)#bandwidth 64
- set bandwidth (kilobits)

IP Commands
Configure IP on an interface:
int serial 0
ip address 157.89.1.3 255.255.0.0
int eth 0
ip address 2008.1.1.4 255.255.255.0

Other IP Commands:
sh ip route
- view ip routing table
ip route
[administrative_distance] -
configure a static IP route
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
- sets default gateway
ip classless - use with
static routing to allow packets destined for unrecognized subnets to use the
best possible route
sh
arp - view arp cache; shows MAC address of connected routers
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0 secondary
-
configure a 2nd ip address on an interface
sh ip protocol

IPX Commands
Enable IPX on router:



ipx routing
Configure IPX + IPX-RIP on an int:




int ser 0
ipx network 4A
Other Commands:
sh ipx route
- shows IPX routing table


sh ipx int e0 - shows ipx address on int


sh ipx servers - shows SAP table


sh ipx traffic - view traffic statistics

debug ipx routing activity - debugs IPS RIP packets


debug ipx sap - debugs SAP packets

Routing
Protocols

Configure RIP:

router rip

network 157.89.0.0

network 208.1.1.0
Other RIP Commands:

debug ip rip - view
RIP debugging info

Configure IGRP:

router IGRP 200
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other IGRP Commands:


debug ip igrp events - view IGRP debugging info

debug ip igrp transactions - view IGRP debugging info

Access Lists
(see notes below for details)
sh ip int ser 0 -
use to view which IP access lists are applies to which int
sh ipx int ser 0 - use to view which IPX access lists are applies to which int
sh appletalk int ser 0 - use to view which AppleTalk access lists are applies to which int
View access lists:
sh access-lists
sh ip access-lists
sh ipx access-lists
sh appletalk access-lists
Apply standard IP access list to int eth 0:
access-list 1 deny 200.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 1 permit any
int eth 0
ip access-group 1 in
Apply Extended IP access list to int eth 0:
access-list 100 deny tcp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 eq 23
access-list 100 deny tcp 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 any eq 80
int eth 0
ip access-group 100 out
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
access-list 800 deny 7a 8000
access-list 800 permit -1
int eth 0
ipx access-group 800 out

Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
access-list 900 deny sap any 3378 -1
access-list 900 permit sap any all -1
int eth 0
ipx access-group 900 out

Wan
Configurations (see
notes below for more details)

PPP Configuration
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication
ppp chap hostname
ppp pap sent-username
sh int ser 0 - use to view encapsulation on the interface

Frame-Relay Configuration
encapsulation frame-relay ietf
- use IETF when setting up a frame-relay network between a Cisco router and a
non-Cisco router
frame-relay lmi-type ansi - LMI types are Cisco, ANSI, Q933A; Cisco is the
default; LMI type is auto-sensed in IOS v11.2 and up
frame-relay map ip 3.3.3.3 100 broadcast - if
inverse ARP won't work, map Other IP to Your DLCI # (local)
keepalive 10 - use to set keepalive
sh int ser 0 - use to show DLCI, LMI, and encapsulation info
sh frame-relay pvc - shows the configured DLCI's; shows PVC traffic stats
sh frame-relay map - shows route maps
sh frame-relay lmi - shows LMI info

Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL-P - show previous command

CTRL-N - show next command

SHIFT-CTRL-6 - Break

Notes

Static
and Dynamic Routing

Static Routing - manually assigned by the Admin user entering the routes
(Routed Protocols - IP, IPX and AppleTalk)
Dynamic Routing - generated/determined by a Routing Protocol (Routing
Protocols - RIP I, RIP II, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, NLSP, RTMP)

Dynamic

1) With Dynamic Routing, routers pass information between each other so that routing tables are regularly maintained.
2) The routers then determine the correct paths packets should take to reach their destinations.
3) Information is passed only between routers.
4) A routing domain is called an Autonomous System, as it is a portion of the Internetwork under common admin authority.
5) Consists of routers that share information over the same protocol. Can be split into routing areas.

Distance
Vector and Link-State Routing

Routing
Protocols
I) Interior (within an autonomous system - AS - group of routers under the same administrative authority)

a) Distance Vector - understands the direction and distance to any network connection on the internetwork. Knows how
many hops (the metric) to get there. All routers w/in the internetwork listen for messages from other routers, which are sent
every 30 to 90 seconds. They pass their entire routing tables. Uses hop count for measurement.
1) Used in smaller networks
that are have fewer than 100 routers.
2) Easy to configure and use.
3) As routers increase in number, you need to consider
CPU utilization, convergence time, and bandwidth utilization.
4) Convergence is due to routing updates at set intervals.
5) When
a router recognizes a change it updates the routing table and sends the whole table to all of its neighbors.
1) RIP - 15 hop count max
2) IGRP - 255 hop count max, uses reliability factor (255 optimal), and bandwidth
3) RTMP

b) Link State - understands the entire network, and does not use secondhand information. Routers exchange LSP?s (hello
packets). Each router builds a topographical view of the network, then uses SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine the
best route. Changes in topology can be sent out immediately, so convergence can be quicker. Uses Bandwidth,
congestion for measurement; Dijkstra's algorithm;
1) Maintains Topology Database.
2) Routers have formal neighbor relationship.
3) Exchanges LSA (Link State Advertisement) or
hello packets with directly connected interfaces.
4) These are exchanged at short intervals (typically 10 sec).
5) Only new info is
exchanged.
6) Scales well, however link?state protocols are more complex. 7) Requires
more processing power, memory, and bandwidth.

1) OSPF - decisions based on cost of route (metric limit of 65,535)

2) EIGRP - hybrid protocol (both Distance-Vector and Link State), Cisco proprietary
3) NLSP
4) IS-IS
II) Exterior
1) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
2) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Routing Protocols used for each Routed Protocol
IP -

RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP


IPX -

IPX RIP, NLSP, EIGRP


AppleTalk -

RTMP, AURP, EIGRP

Problems with Routing Protocols
1) Routing Loops - occur when routing tables are not updated fast enough when
one of the networks becomes unreachable. Due to the slow convergence
(updates of routing table between all routers), some routers will end up
with incorrect routing table and will broadcast that routing table to other
routers. This incorrect routing tables will cause packets to travel
repeatedly in circles.
2) Counting to infinity - occurs when packets end up in a routing loop;
hop count increases with every pass through a router on the network

Solutions to Problems with Routing
Protocols

1) Define the maximum number of
hops - When the number of hops reaches this predefined value, the distance is
considered infinite, thus the network is considered unreachable. This does
stop routing loops, but only limit the time that packet can travel inside
the loop.
2) Split horizon - The packets can not be sent back to the same interface that they
originally came from. During the updates, one router does not send updates
to the router that it received the information from.
3) Route poisoning - The router sets the cost/distance of routes that are unreachable to
infinity. Used with hold-down timers
4) Triggered updates - The router sends updates of the routing table as soon as it detects
changes in the network. Does not wait for the prescribed time to
expire.

5) Hold-Downs - After the router detects unreachable network, the routers waits for
a specified time before announcing that a network is unreachable. The router
will also wait for a period of time before it updates its routing table
after it detects that another router came online (Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing time for other routers to re-compute for this topology change).
Hold-downs can only partially prevent counting to infinity problem. Prevents routes from changing too rapidly in order to determine if a link has really failed, or is back up

Encapsulation
Types

Wan Service Providers

1) Customer premises equipment (CPE) - Devices physically located at subscriber?s
location; examples: CSU/DSU, modem, wiring on
the customer's location

2) Demarcation (or demarc) - The place where the CPE ends and the local loop portion of the service begins. (Usually in the "phone closet").

3) Local loop - Cabling from the demarc into the WAN service provider?s central
office; wiring from customer's location to the nearest CO

4) Central Office switch (CO) - Switching facility that provides the nearest point of presence for the provider?s WAN
service; location of telephone company's equipment where the
phone line connects to the high speed line (trunk); Regional Telco Office where the local loop terminates (the
Telco location nearest you)

5) Toll network - The switches and facilities, (trunks), inside the WAN provider?s "cloud."

DTE - the router side and receive clocking
DCE - the CSU/DSU side and provide clocking

WAN
Devices
Routers - Offer both internetwork and WAN interface controls
ATM Switches - High-speed cell switching between both LANs and WANs
X.25 and Frame-Relay Switches - Connect private data over public circuits using digital
signals
Modems - Connect private data over public telephone circuits
using analog signals
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Units/Data Service Units) - Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE) which is used to
terminate a digital circuit at the customer site
Communication Servers - Dial in/out servers that allow dialing in from remote
locations and attach to the LAN
Multiplexors - Device that allows more than one signal to be sent out
simultaneously over one physical circuit

ISDN

ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface) - 2 64K B channels, plus 1 16K D channel

ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface) -
23 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (North America & Japan),
30 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (Europe & Australia)

Classful
and Classless Protocols
Classful - summarizes routing info by major
network numbers; ex. RIP,
IGRP
Classless - BGP, OSPF

Administrative Distances for IP Routes
Administrative Distances are configured using ip route command:
Example:
ip route 154.4.55.0 255.255.255.0 195.23.55.1 85 (where 85 is the administrative distance)

Switching Terminology



Store-and-Forward ? copies entire frame into buffer, checks for CRC errors
before forwarding. Higher latency.

Cut-Through ? reads only the destination address into buffer, and forwards
immediately; Low latency; "wire-speed"

Fragment free ? modified form of cut-through; switch will read into the first 64 bytes before forwarding the frame. Collisions will usually occur within the first 64 bytes. (default for 1900 series).

Access Lists

Troubleshooting
Tools:

Ping Results

Traceroute Results

Accessing
Router with Terminal Emulation
Using HyperTerminal on a Windows
machine adjust the following settings:
VT100 Emulation
Connection Speed: 9600 Baud
Data Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
Flow Control: None
On a Linux machine you may use Seyon or Minicom (at least one should come with
your distribution).

Router Startup Sequence
POST
Bootstrap program loaded from ROM
IOS is loaded from either flash (default), TFTP, or ROM
IOS image loaded into low-addressed memory; hardware and software is determined
Config file is load from NVRAM; if no configuration exists in NVRAM, the initial
configuration dialog will begin

Miscellaneous
Notes
Multiple Loop Problems ? complex topology can cause multiple loops to occur. Layer 2 has no mechanism to stop the loop. This is the main reason for Spanning ? Tree Protocol.

HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) -
Link layer protocol for Serial links. Cisco Default. Supports the following modes: Normal Response Mode ? as per Secondary under SDLC; Asynchronous Response Mode allows secondary to communicate without permission; Asynchronous Balanced mode combines the two stations. Has lower overhead than LAPB but less error checking.

Modular Switch/VIP Syntax
type slot/port (example: e 2/1)
type slot/port-adapter/port (example: e 2/0/1)